The three basic functions are substantival, adjectival, and adverbial.
A substantive is any word performing a noun function (examples).
Adjectival means that word, phrase, or clause is modifying some noun (or pronoun). Adjectival elements in a sentence tend to answer the following questions:
what kind?
which one?
how many? (examples)
Adverbial means that word, phrase, or clause is modifying some verb. Adverbial elements in a sentence tend to answer the following questions:
how?
when?
where?
why? (examples)
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